This critical analysis investigates instances of violence and human rights violations occurring at international borders, with a particular focus on the India-Bangladesh border, and examines the international legal and ethical perspectives to ensure the safety and protection of human rights. Despite the sovereign right of states to control their borders, international law mandates adherence to human rights principles, including the right to life, freedom from torture, and due process, even for individuals attempting irregular entry. This study synthesizes reports from human rights organizations, academic analyses, and media accounts to document the scale and nature of border-related fatalities and abuses. The findings reveal a persistent pattern of excessive force, torture, and extrajudicial killings by border security forces, particularly along the India-Bangladesh frontier, often in the context of preventing smuggling or illegal crossings. This research critically analyzes the justifications offered by states for such actions against the backdrop of international human rights law and humanitarian principles. It argues that current enforcement practices frequently contravene international obligations and undermine the safety of individuals. The study concludes by proposing a framework for international cooperation and accountability mechanisms to ensure that border management prioritizes human rights safety and adheres to ethical standards, advocating for non-lethal methods and transparent investigations of all alleged violations.

This scoping review systematically maps the existing evidence base on child protection initiatives and interventions in the Philippines. Recognizing the critical importance of safeguarding children from all forms of abuse, neglect, exploitation, and violence, this study aims to identify, characterize, and synthesize the available literature on child protection policies, programs, and their implementation within the Philippine context. Utilizing a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases, the review examines diverse types of evidence, including research studies, policy analyses, and program evaluations. Key areas of focus include the effectiveness of intervention programs for children-in-conflict with the law (CICL) and child abuse survivors, the implementation of child protection policies in schools and local communities, and the awareness and responsiveness of various stakeholders. The findings reveal a growing body of localized evidence, highlighting both strengths in policy frameworks and persistent challenges in their consistent and effective implementation. This review identifies significant gaps in the evidence base, particularly concerning rigorous impact evaluations and the generalizability of findings, underscoring the urgent need for more robust, evidence-informed research to strengthen child protection systems across the archipelago.

This paper reviews traditional and modern irrigation systems and their role in promoting sustainable agriculture and resource management across diverse geographical contexts, including dryland areas, montane regions, and mountainous environments such as the Swiss Alps and the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya. Through an interdisciplinary synthesis of empirical studies, institutional analyses, and game-theoretic approaches, the study explores governance mechanisms, collective action, and socio-economic impacts of irrigation practices. Special emphasis is placed on indigenous management systems, institutional resource regimes, and cooperative behavior in managing common-pool resources. The paper also discusses challenges related to water allocation, social dilemmas, and modernization pressures. Findings highlight the importance of community involvement, adaptive institutional frameworks, and ecological considerations for maintaining irrigation infrastructure and achieving agricultural sustainability.