As global populations age, understanding factors influencing cognitive health in later life becomes paramount. This study investigates the complex relationships between cognitive function, co-residence patterns, and social participation among older persons in Thailand. Drawing on existing literature, we explore how living arrangements and engagement in social activities may serve as protective or risk factors for cognitive decline. The research aims to highlight the unique socio-cultural context of Thailand, where family structures and community ties play significant roles in the lives of older adults. Findings are expected to inform public health initiatives and policy development aimed at promoting healthy cognitive aging in the region.