This study investigates the role of small-scale agriculture in alleviating poverty among peri-urban households in Nigeria. As rapid urbanization continues to reshape the socio-economic landscape, many households on the urban fringe turn to backyard farming and other forms of small-scale agriculture as a livelihood strategy. Using mixed-methods research—combining household surveys, in-depth interviews, and econometric analysis—the study evaluates the contributions of these agricultural activities to income generation, food security, and overall well-being. Findings reveal that small-scale agriculture provides a critical buffer against economic vulnerability, especially for households with limited access to formal employment. However, challenges such as land tenure insecurity, limited market access, and inadequate agricultural support services constrain its full potential. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for integrating small-scale peri-urban agriculture into broader poverty reduction and urban development strategies in Nigeria.