The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) constitutes a central component of the global climate system, influencing large-scale heat transport, regional climate variability, and long-term climate stability. Recent observational and modeling studies increasingly suggest that the AMOC may be approaching a critical transition, potentially associated with nonlinear dynamical behavior and abrupt weakening. This study synthesizes observation-based methodologies for detecting early-warning signals of AMOC instability using global and regional temperature datasets, statistical indicators of critical slowing down, and advanced spectral estimation techniques. Drawing on surface temperature reconstructions such as GISTEMP and HadCRUT5, the analysis emphasizes the role of variance, autocorrelation, and low-frequency spectral power as indicators of reduced system resilience. Particular attention is given to methodological challenges arising from non-stationarity, seasonal effects, and heteroscedasticity in climate time series. By integrating maximum entropy spectral analysis with heteroscedasticity-robust estimators of serial dependence, this work contributes to a more nuanced interpretation of emerging early-warning signals reported in recent literature. The results indicate that multiple independent indicators consistently point toward a long-term destabilization of the AMOC, although substantial uncertainty remains regarding the timing and magnitude of potential transitions. The study underscores the importance of combining physically informed climate understanding with statistically robust monitoring frameworks to improve early detection of large-scale climate tipping dynamics. These findings are relevant for climate risk assessment and for refining observational strategies aimed at monitoring critical components of the Earth system.

The aviation sector remains one of the most challenging domains for decarbonization due to its dependence on high–energy-density liquid fuels and the limited short-term scalability of alternative propulsion systems. Recent international policy frameworks, industrial roadmaps, and sustainability strategies emphasize Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) as a central mitigation pathway for reducing lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions without compromising operational reliability. This article synthesizes contemporary academic and institutional perspectives on aviation emissions trajectories, SAF technological readiness, and policy-driven transformation, while introducing industrial hemp as an emerging and underexplored bio-based feedstock aligned with global sustainability frameworks. Drawing on reports from international energy agencies, aviation manufacturers, and multilateral governance bodies, the study integrates emissions modeling perspectives, feedstock sustainability criteria, and regulatory alignment considerations. Using a qualitative–analytical methodology, the paper evaluates how SAF deployment scenarios interact with policy instruments such as the European Green Deal and global climate commitments. Particular attention is given to the compatibility of hemp-based biomass with sustainability benchmarks, land-use constraints, and industrial scalability. The discussion highlights structural limitations, including feedstock availability, cost dynamics, and uneven policy harmonization across regions. The findings suggest that while SAFs alone are unlikely to deliver absolute climate neutrality, diversified feedstock strategies combined with coherent policy frameworks significantly enhance the sector’s mitigation potential. The article contributes to the growing literature by positioning industrial hemp within aviation decarbonization discourse and by emphasizing systems-level integration rather than singular technological solutions.