International Journal of Social Sciences, Language and Linguistics
International Journal of Social Sciences, Language and Linguistics (IJSSLL)
All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain full copyright of their work. Content is freely accessible and can be shared or reused with proper attribution. This ensures open access and promotes global dissemination of knowledge.
The Use of Blockchain Technology in Corporations and Its Legal Implications
This study comprehensively examines the areas of application of blockchain technology within corporations, the structural and functional transformations brought about by this technology, and the legal consequences it engenders, particularly from the perspective of Turkish law. The fundamental characteristics of blockchain—decentralization, immutability, transparency, and security—open the door to new governance models in corporate law. In this context, the functionality of blockchain applications in areas such as general assembly meetings, stock transactions, and corporate control mechanisms in joint-stock companies is addressed, and the impact of digital transformation on capital markets and shareholding structures is evaluated. In the following sections of the study, the compatibility of blockchain technology with the existing legal infrastructure within the framework of the Turkish Commercial Code is discussed, and comparative analyses from European and international legal perspectives are provided. Furthermore, the legal challenges of blockchain applications, such as the protection of personal data, the legal validity of smart contracts, jurisdiction issues, and cross-border data flows, are addressed in detail, and solutions to these problems are proposed. In conclusion, blockchain applications in joint-stock companies have the potential for comprehensive transformation not only at the technical level but also at the normative level. In this context, the need for innovative and comprehensive regulation has been highlighted from both private and public law perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pelin Atila Yörük (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Education at a Crossroads: Serving Policy or Shaping Possibility in an Uncertain Future
Education systems worldwide are increasingly positioned at a critical crossroads, shaped by intensifying policy pressures, rapid technological advancement, labour market volatility, and profound social uncertainty. Across many contexts, education has been instrumentalised as a servant of policy agendas, prioritising employability metrics, human capital accumulation, and economic competitiveness, often at the expense of broader humanistic, ethical, and civic purposes. This paper critically interrogates whether education should continue to function primarily as a policy instrument or be reclaimed as an architect of possibility capable of preparing young people for uncertain, complex, and rapidly changing futures. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from education policy, sociology of education, futures studies, and moral philosophy, the paper examines how contemporary policy frameworks increasingly narrow the purposes of education through standardisation, accountability regimes, and skills-based discourses. It argues that such approaches risk producing technically competent yet ethically unanchored learners, insufficiently equipped to navigate uncertainty, social fragmentation, and global challenges such as climate change, technological disruption, and widening inequality. In contrast, the paper advances a future-oriented, human-centred conception of education that foregrounds ethical reasoning, critical consciousness, emotional intelligence, cultural identity, and democratic engagement alongside cognitive and technical skills. A theory-driven conceptual framework is proposed to illustrate the tension between policy compliance and educational possibility, highlighting pathways through which education systems can move beyond narrow performativity towards holistic and transformative learning. The discussion situates these debates within both global and small-state contexts, including the Pacific, where structural constraints, cultural values, and post-colonial policy legacies further complicate educational reform. The paper concludes by arguing that reclaiming education as an architect of possibility is not a rejection of policy, but a reorientation of policy itself, towards enabling education systems that cultivate resilient, ethical, and future-ready citizens capable of shaping, rather than merely surviving, an uncertain world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Davendra Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Employability: Re-Examining the Purpose of Education in Preparing Young People for an Uncertain Future
Across the world, education systems are increasingly framed around employability, skills alignment, and labour market responsiveness. While these priorities reflect legitimate economic concerns, they risk narrowing the purpose of education to short-term workforce preparation at the expense of broader human, social, and civic development. This paper critically re-examines the dominant employability-driven paradigm in education and asks a fundamental question: beyond employability, what are we preparing young people for in an uncertain and rapidly changing future? Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship from education policy, human capital theory, critical pedagogy, ethics, and futures studies, the paper argues that contemporary education systems are insufficiently equipped to prepare learners for the complexity, uncertainty, and moral challenges of the 21st century. The analysis highlights how rapid technological change, artificial intelligence, automation, climate uncertainty, and shifting social relations are transforming not only labour markets but also the nature of citizenship, identity, and human interaction. In this context, an education model narrowly focused on skills acquisition and economic productivity is increasingly inadequate. Instead, the paper proposes a re-conceptualization of educational purpose that integrates employability with ethical reasoning, emotional intelligence, critical thinking, social responsibility, cultural understanding, and lifelong adaptability. Using a conceptual and policy-oriented approach, the paper synthesises global education reform discourses with emerging critiques from the Global South and Indigenous contexts, where structural inequalities and uneven access to resources further complicate future readiness. The paper advances a human-centred framework for education that positions learners not merely as future workers, but as ethical agents, engaged citizens, and contributors to sustainable and inclusive societies. The study concludes by outlining key implications for education policy, curriculum design, teacher education, and institutional leadership, calling for a deliberate shift from instrumentalist models of education towards more holistic and future-responsive approaches.
From the Deed of Cession to Decolonisation: Re-examining the Historical Evolution of Education in Fiji
The evolution of formal education in Fiji is inseparable from the broader historical processes of colonisation, cultural encounter, and socio-political transformation that have shaped the nation since the nineteenth century. This paper critically re-examines the historical trajectory of education in Fiji from the Deed of Cession in 1874 to the contemporary era of decolonisation, with particular attention to the roles of missionary enterprises, colonial administration, and the indentured labour system in structuring educational access, curriculum content, and social stratification. Drawing on historical and postcolonial scholarship, the study analyses how early indigenous systems of knowledge transmission were marginalised through the imposition of Western epistemologies, Christian moral instruction, and racially differentiated schooling models designed to serve colonial economic and governance objectives. The paper further explores how education functioned as a tool of social control during the colonial period, reinforcing ethnic divisions between Indigenous iTaukei communities and Indo-Fijian descendants of indentured labourers, while simultaneously limiting pathways to higher education and leadership for colonised populations. Following independence in 1970, Fiji’s education system entered a complex phase of reform marked by efforts to expand access, promote national cohesion, and reassert cultural identity, yet continued to reflect deep-seated colonial legacies in curriculum design, language policy, and assessment practices. By situating Fiji’s educational development within wider global debates on decolonisation and postcolonial education reform, this paper highlights the enduring tensions between inherited colonial structures and contemporary aspirations for culturally responsive, inclusive, and equitable education. The study contributes to the growing body of Pacific and global South scholarship by offering a historically grounded, critical analysis of education in Fiji, and by identifying key lessons for current policy and curriculum reform initiatives aimed at decolonising knowledge systems and repositioning education to meet the social, cultural, and developmental needs of a postcolonial society.
The role of Career Counselling and Guidance in Supporting Students’ Career Decision-making in Tertiary Education
Career counselling and guidance are critical in supporting students’ career decision-making in tertiary education, facilitating the transition from academic preparation to professional readiness. This paper examines the role of structured counselling interventions, assessment tools, and personalized guidance in enabling students to make informed career choices. Drawing on contemporary career development theories, including Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory, the study highlights how career guidance enhances self-awareness, goal clarity, employability skills, and alignment between personal values and professional pathways. Evidence indicates that students engaging in career counselling demonstrate greater confidence, proactive planning, and resilience in navigating complex labour markets. Institutional and contextual factors, such as accessibility, technological integration, and cultural responsiveness, influence the effectiveness of these services. The findings underscore the strategic importance of embedding comprehensive career guidance frameworks within tertiary institutions to promote student success, lifelong employability, and societal contribution. Implications for policy, practice, and future research in higher education career services are discussed.
Whose Knowledge Counts? Western Accreditation, University Rankings, and the Marginalization of Indigenous Institutions
The global higher education landscape is increasingly dominated by Western-centric accreditation standards and university ranking systems, often framing institutional quality and legitimacy through a narrow, Euro-American lens. This dominance has significant implications for Indigenous universities and knowledge systems, which are frequently marginalized or devalued despite their critical contributions to cultural preservation, community engagement, and locally relevant scholarship. Drawing on a critical review of accreditation frameworks, global ranking methodologies, and case studies of Indigenous institutions, this paper interrogates whose knowledge is prioritized in global higher education. It highlights the structural inequities that favor Western epistemologies, the challenges Indigenous universities face in gaining recognition, and the broader consequences for educational sovereignty and epistemic justice. The study advocates for reconceptualizing quality assurance and recognition systems to inclusively value diverse epistemologies, promote culturally responsive higher education, and advance the legitimacy of Indigenous knowledge within global academic discourse.
Who Is Responsible for the Climate Crisis? Education, Governance, and the Paradoxes of Modern Development
The accelerating climate crisis—manifested through global warming, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, resource depletion, and growing food insecurity, has exposed deep contradictions within dominant models of modernization and development. While technological advancement, economic growth, and globalization have long been celebrated as markers of human progress, these same forces have contributed significantly to ecological degradation and climate vulnerability. This paper critically interrogates the question of responsibility for the climate crisis by examining the interconnected roles of education systems, governance structures, development policies, globalization, and technological transformation. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from environmental education, critical development theory, political ecology, and governance studies, the paper argues that the climate crisis is not the result of isolated failures but of systemic and institutionalized paradigms that prioritize economic growth over ecological sustainability and social justice. The analysis highlights how education systems have often reproduced growth-centric ideologies, instrumental views of knowledge, and skills-for-growth narratives, while insufficiently fostering ecological consciousness, ethical responsibility, and critical sustainability thinking. At the governance and policy level, weak accountability mechanisms, fragmented environmental regulation, and inequitable development models have exacerbated environmental degradation, particularly in the Global South and climate-vulnerable regions such as small island developing states. The paper further critiques techno-solutionist approaches that frame innovation as a panacea, obscuring structural inequalities and deflecting responsibility from political and institutional actors. By reframing responsibility as collective, multi-scalar, and historically situated, this study advances a more nuanced understanding of climate accountability that moves beyond blame toward systemic transformation. It proposes a re-conceptualisation of education as a transformative force for ecological literacy, ethical reasoning, and civic engagement, alongside governance reforms that embed transparency, accountability, and sustainability at the core of development decision-making. The paper contributes to contemporary debates by offering an integrated conceptual lens for understanding the paradoxes of modern development and by outlining pathways toward more just, inclusive, and sustainable futures in an era of escalating climate risk.
Learning to Live, Not Just to Qualify: Education, Life Skills, and Harmony with People and Planet
Contemporary education systems remain overwhelmingly structured around degrees, diplomas, and certificates as primary indicators of success. While such credentials serve labour market signalling functions, they increasingly fail to equip learners with the life skills, ethical dispositions, and ecological consciousness required to sustain livelihoods, communities, and the planet. This paper critically examines the limitations of credential-centric education models in addressing the interconnected social, economic, and environmental challenges of the 21st century. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature spanning human capital theory, capability theory, education for sustainable development, and Indigenous and relational knowledge systems, the study argues that formal qualifications alone are insufficient for fostering human flourishing and planetary wellbeing. The paper advances a re-conceptualisation of education that prioritises life skills, relational learning, environmental stewardship, and socio-emotional competence alongside academic knowledge. It highlights how current schooling and higher education structures often marginalise practical wisdom, ethical responsibility, and community-embedded learning, thereby producing graduates who are technically qualified yet insufficiently prepared for real-world complexity. The paper concludes by proposing a shift from qualification accumulation to capability-based and life-centred education frameworks, calling for systemic reforms in curriculum design, pedagogy, assessment, and education policy to better align learning with the demands of sustainable living and harmonious coexistence with people and the planet.
Beyond the Techno-Solutionist Narrative: Human, Ethical, And Structural Limits of Technology in Education, Health, And Food Security
In recent decades, technology has been increasingly promoted as a universal solution to complex human challenges across education, health, food security, and environmental sustainability. While digital innovations, ranging from artificial intelligence and learning platforms to precision agriculture and health informatics, have expanded possibilities for service delivery and efficiency, they have also reinforced a growing techno-solutionist narrative that overlooks deeper human, ethical, and structural dimensions of development. This paper critically examines the assumption that technological advancement alone can resolve systemic human problems. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature across education, public health, development studies, and sustainability research, the study argues that technological interventions are inherently shaped by social contexts, power relations, institutional capacities, and cultural values. The review highlights how issues such as inequality, governance failures, digital divides, ethical accountability, and human agency often limit the transformative potential of technology, particularly in Global South and resource-constrained contexts. By synthesizing evidence across sectors, the paper demonstrates that technology functions most effectively not as a panacea, but as a complementary tool embedded within broader human-centred systems, policy frameworks, and community-driven practices. The study contributes to contemporary debates by reframing technology as an enabler rather than a determinant of human progress, and calls for development approaches that prioritise ethical governance, contextual responsiveness, and human capability alongside technological innovation.
This paper explores the socio-political landscape of Hong Kong in the aftermath of the 2019-2020 protests, focusing on the implications of governance changes and the erosion of civil liberties. The aim is to identify key challenges faced by the region and propose innovative, solution-oriented strategies that promote participatory governance, social justice, and economic resilience. Through a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis, the research examines the motivations behind the protests, the role of technology in mobilization, and the potential for international collaboration. Findings indicate a significant disconnect between government actions and public demands, highlighting the need for inclusive dialogue and policy reform. The overall conclusion emphasizes the importance of fostering civic engagement and resilience in Hong Kong to navigate its complex political landscape and ensure a sustainable future dovetailing with the basic law of the special administrative city and exploiting fully the potential of the situation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christian ILCUS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Bhagavad Gita Teachings into Values-Based Education: A Framework For 21st-Century Classrooms
Contemporary education systems face increasing pressure to respond to moral fragmentation, learner disengagement, mental health challenges, and the dominance of outcome-driven pedagogies in 21st-century classrooms. While global education reforms emphasize competencies such as critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy, comparatively less attention has been given to the cultivation of ethical values, character formation, and inner resilience. This paper argues that the Bhagavad Gita, a foundational philosophical text, offers a timeless and holistic framework for values-based education that is highly relevant to modern educational contexts. Drawing on key Gita teachings, such as dharma (ethical duty), karma yoga (selfless action), self-awareness, equanimity, and purpose-driven learning, the study conceptualizes an integrative educational framework that aligns moral development with cognitive and socio-emotional learning. Using a critical narrative review of interdisciplinary literature spanning philosophy of education, values education, social-emotional learning, and 21st-century pedagogy, the paper demonstrates how Gita-inspired principles can be pedagogically translated into classroom practices that promote mindfulness, resilience, ethical reasoning, and learner agency. The proposed framework positions teachers as moral facilitators and learners as reflective, purpose-oriented individuals capable of navigating complexity and uncertainty. The paper contributes to contemporary debates on holistic education by offering a culturally grounded yet universally applicable model that bridges ancient wisdom and modern educational imperatives. It concludes by highlighting implications for curriculum design, teacher education, and policy development in pluralistic and globalized education systems.
Climate Change, Migration, And School Disengagement in A Globalised World: Governance Challenges, Educational Inequality, And the Role of AI and Traditional Knowledge
Climate change is increasingly reshaping patterns of human mobility, governance capacity, and educational stability across the globe. In many contexts, climate-induced displacement and migration intersect with globalisation-driven inequalities to disrupt schooling trajectories, contributing to declining academic performance and rising rates of school disengagement and dropout. Despite growing recognition of these challenges, existing educational responses remain fragmented, often addressing climate change, migration, governance, and technology as isolated policy domains. This paper critically examines how climate change and migration, within a globalised world, influence school disengagement through governance failures, structural inequality, and limited system responsiveness. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature spanning education, climate studies, migration research, governance, and digital transformation, the paper develops an integrated conceptual analysis that foregrounds the role of education systems as both sites of vulnerability and potential resilience. Particular attention is given to the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting early identification of disengagement risks, adaptive learning pathways, and system-level planning, alongside the often-overlooked contributions of traditional and indigenous knowledge systems in fostering community resilience, belonging, and culturally grounded educational continuity. The analysis highlights tensions between technocratic, data-driven solutions and context-sensitive, human-centred approaches that recognise moral responsibility, cultural knowledge, and social justice. The paper argues that addressing school disengagement in the context of climate-induced mobility requires governance frameworks that integrate technological innovation with equity-oriented policies and epistemic plurality. It concludes by proposing a holistic, values-informed framework for educational governance that aligns AI-enabled interventions with traditional knowledge and inclusive policy design to support educational continuity, learner well-being, and long-term social sustainability in an era of climate uncertainty.
A Sustainable Kindergarten Participatory Action Research for Addressing Environmental Challenges in Ulaanbaatar’s Ger Neighborhoods
Recognizing the urgency of addressing environmental concerns and aiming to support child development, this participatory action research (PAR) focuses on initiating actions for a greener and safer environment for young children in the marginalized ger neighborhoods in Ulaanbaatar the Capital City of Mongolia. In collaboration with parents and involving 311 children aged two to five across 11 groups, this action research has been conducted since September 2021 with the goal of enhancing children's cognitive, emotional, and social development, fostering increased environmental awareness, improving problem-solving skills, and a sense of responsibility. Research findings show that the attitudes and habits towards air pollution, ecological safety, rational water use, and creating a green environment have significantly improved among the participants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javzandulam Batsaikhan, Bayarmaa Badarch, Tsog-Erdene Lkhagvadorj, Ulziisaikhan Galindev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Influence on Customer Loyalty of Nestlé Nigeria Plc
This study investigated the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on customer loyalty, specifically focusing on Nestlé Nigeria Plc. The research addressed the insufficient examination of the direct impact of CSR efforts on customer loyalty within the Nigerian context, despite significant investments by organizations like Nestlé. The study aimed to empirically investigate how environmental responsibility, social and community engagement, and ethical corporate governance practices influence customer loyalty. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study collected data through questionnaires from a sample of Nigerian consumers. Analysis revealed significant positive correlations between all CSR dimensions (Environmental Responsibility, Social/Community Engagement, and Ethical Responsibility) and customer loyalty (p < 0.01). Ethical Responsibility demonstrated the strongest correlation (r = 0.726), followed by Environmental Responsibility (r = 0.711) and Social/Community Engagement (r = 0.678). A multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed that all three CSR dimensions significantly and positively influence customer loyalty (F (3, 187) = 117.34, p < 0.001). Ethical Responsibility emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.345, p < 0.001), with Environmental Responsibility (β = 0.297, p < 0.001) and Social/Community Engagement (β = 0.264, p < 0.001) also showing significant predictive power. All three null hypotheses, stating no significant influence of these CSR dimensions on customer loyalty, were rejected (p < 0.05). The study concludes that effective CSR strategies, particularly those encompassing ethical, environmental, and social dimensions, significantly enhance brand perception and foster sustained customer loyalty. These findings provide actionable insights for businesses in emerging markets, emphasizing the critical role of comprehensive CSR in building and maintaining strong customer relationships.
Ethical Business Practices and Customer Satisfaction
Copyright (c) 2026 ADEYEFA, Oluwafemi Princewill, Olayinka I. EMMANUEL-ADEYEFA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporalités des performances aux tests de raisonnement inductif chez des élèves ivoiriens selon leurs caractéristiques individuelles
The aim of the study is to examine the influence of time on inductive reasoning in students of different genders, ages and chronotypes. 240 students were given a session of inductive reasoning tests (MGM : Playing Card Test and the B53 : Logical Sequence Test) as well as the Caci et al. (2005) Maturity/Vesperity Scale at four times of the day (DM : early morning, FM ; late morning, DAM : early afternoon, FAM : late afternoon). The results, obtained using SPSS.20, indicate that while the inductive reasoning test performance of Ivorian pupils shows similar daily variations over the course of the day (two peaks and two troughs), it increases with the age and gender of the pupils, regardless of the time of day. In view of these results, this study could draw the attention of deputy heads of secondary schools to the importance of the temporalities of inductive reasoning in course scheduling, if they hope to get the best out of the students in their schools.
Copyright (c) 2025 KOFFI Franck Gustave (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Functional Republic: A Historic Step Towards an Albanian Federation
The argument of this study is that the political unification of Albanians, in the form of a functional federation, is possible only on the basis of two fundamental premises: (1) the consolidation of a functional and economically developed state in Kosova, and (2) the deepening of Euro-Atlantic integration processes, which neutralize the geopolitical dimension of regional opposition. The study is based on theories of state-building, federalism and regional integration, as well as on the comparative experiences of Central Europe. The state-forming transformation of Kosova in the first decades after the war has involved the clash between two opposing political logics: a republican-democratic model oriented towards institutional consolidation and a clientelistic model that relies on patronage, particularism and the capture of public resources. This clash produces profound implications for national security, regional stability and the long-term perspective of the Albanian nation. In this context, the narrative about the old political establishment's interactions with destabilizing actors—Serbia, Russia, and specific segments within the EU—should be understood not as a genuine empirical fact, but as a structural risk present in the political architecture of the Western Balkans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sadri RAMABAJA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Customer Readiness Level and Preferences for Private Electric Passenger Cars in Kerala
Decisions related to vehicle purchase are influenced by various factors including purchase price, total cost of ownership, fuel efficiency, maintenance cost, and resale value. In India, the dominance of fossil fuel-powered vehicles has led to several environmental and economic challenges. Increasing fuel prices not only strain individual budgets but also contribute to inflation, impacting the national economy. Consequently, renewable, reusable, and sustainable alternatives have become imperative. Electric vehicles (EVs), widely adopted in many foreign countries, offer a promising solution. This study focuses on understanding the customer perspective on the adoption of electric passenger cars in Kerala, aiming to uncover awareness levels, preferences, and barriers to adoption.
Reasons for dissatisfaction in the current ownership-expectations-preferences- readiness level-reasons for the non- purchase.
Copyright (c) 2025 Praveen P.M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Relations and Peace Communication in A Multi-Religious Society: The Interfaith Initiatives in Nigeria
Nigeria is a multi-religious country whose multi-religious make up has been crossed over with ethnic, political, and socio-economic tensions resulting in most occasions conflict. These narratives in the media and popular conversation have occasionally articulated religion as a source of division disregarding its communicative capacity to build peace. This paper addresses the concept of interfaith initiatives as a way of building peace in Nigeria using the strategies of public relations and peace communication. It evaluates the application of strategic communication by religious actors to promote dialogue, trust and social cohesion by a multi-religious society. The study will be based on a qualitative research design, in which the content analysis of documents on interfaith programs, public communiques, media information, policy documents, and online resources will be conducted regarding the interreligious engagement in Nigeria. The patterns of communication, stakeholder participation, and message framing in the chosen interfaith initiatives are explored on the basis of a case-based approach. The findings found that interfaith initiatives employ basic PR practices of dialogic communication, management of stakeholder relationships, strategic message formulation, and media involvement to then foster harmonious living. These measures can be used to combat misinformation, diminish the effect of religious stereotyping, and communicate the importance of common values of unity and tolerance in both the traditional and digital media. The research drawing comes to the conclusion that the effectiveness of interfaith initiatives in Nigeria is determined by the role of PR and peace communication. Religious communication carefully utilized can make religion a source of tension to one that will bring sustainable peace and social integration in multi-religious societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Unigwe Rosemary Ifeyinwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophical Interrogation of Medicine and The African Perspective
Medical practice is not immune to epistemological dogmatism, particularly in its assumptions about normality, pathology, and therapeutic intervention. These challenges are magnified in contexts where medicine intersects with complex socio-cultural realities. In Africa, the coexistence of Western biomedicine and African traditional medicine creates additional conceptual, ethical, and practical tensions that demand philosophical scrutiny. This study aims to critically examine foundational concepts in medicine especially health, disease, illness, and sickness, in order to clarify contested boundaries between normality and abnormality. It further seeks to interrogate diagnostic practices, therapeutic expansion, and professional conduct from a philosophical perspective, with particular emphasis on African socio-cultural and existential contexts. The study employs an analytic–critical philosophical method. Conceptual analysis is applied to key debates in the philosophy of medicine, medical ethics, psychiatry, and medical sociology. Comparative reflection is used to situate Western biomedical practice alongside African traditional medicine, highlighting points of convergence, divergence, and ethical concern. The analysis shows that many medical controversies arise from conceptual ambiguity, scientific dogmatism, and the uncritical medicalization of non-pathological human conditions. In the African context, these problems are exacerbated by political interference, economic pressures, infrastructural deficits, and insufficient integration of psychosocial and cultural dimensions of care. Reductionist biomedical models are shown to be inadequate for addressing lived experiences of illness. Philosophical interrogation is essential for promoting ethical, humane, and context-sensitive medical practice. In Africa, a genuinely health-promoting medical model must integrate biomedical science, traditional medicine, and the humanities in order to safeguard human dignity and sustain holistic well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eruka, C. Raphael, Akpuogwu, Michael Obidimma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Odeshi, Divine Protection, And the Religious Imagination in Igbo Traditional Religion
The quest for protection against physical, spiritual, and existential threats constitutes a central concern in human religious life, and within Igbo Traditional Religion this concern finds expression in practices aimed at preserving life, harmony, and cosmic balance. Odeshi, often portrayed in contemporary discourse as superstition or occult violence, has consequently suffered serious misinterpretation. The problem this research addresses is the persistent reduction of Odeshi to irrational or morally dangerous practice without adequate engagement with the Igbo cosmological, ethical, and religious frameworks that give it meaning. Adopting a qualitative, hermeneutical, and analytical method grounded exclusively in selected indigenous Igbo religious and philosophical texts, this research examines Odeshi through the lenses of Igbo cosmology, the theory of forces, ritual symbolism, moral discipline, indigenous medicine, and eco-spirituality. The study finds that Odeshi functions not as an autonomous or amoral power but as a religious symbol of divine protection, ethically conditioned and mediated through deities, ancestors, ritual observance, and communal norms. It further establishes that protection in Igbo Traditional Religion is inseparable from moral order, peace, environmental harmony, and the sacred valuation of life. The research concludes that Odeshi, when properly interpreted within its indigenous religious context, represents a coherent and meaningful expression of Igbo religious imagination oriented towards life preservation rather than violence, and therefore calls for interpretive understanding rather than condemnation in contemporary religious and scholarly discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okigbo Ferdinand Chukwunwike, Prof. Obielosi Dominic Chukwunonso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Personality Distortion in Osu Caste System
One of the characteristics inherent in Igbo Philosophy is the communitarian nature of Igbo worldviews. Man is a being in relation to others; he cannot exist alone but must exist with others within the community. One of the practices that threaten this relationality or communalism is Osu Caste System, which has been in existence for many decades in most Igbo communities of South Eastern Nigeria. Its origin varies because of the problems of documentation and oral traditions. The consequences of an Osu cut across all spheres of an Osu existence- socially, emotionally, politically, economically, et cetera. Osu could also be classified into: voluntary, dedicated, inherited and Osu by infection or contact. The system of Osu compared with the communitarian structure of Igbo worldview is a distortion of Igbo personhood. The search for African person, personality and personhood started as a reaction to such characterizations of an African person, ipso facto, Igbo person. Juxtaposing Osu Caste System and selfhood formation in Igbo setting, implications abound from the social, political, emotional, economical perspectives. The objective of this work is to show that any distortion of this relatedness that characterized Igbo Communalism has negative consequences on the formation of personhood. Thus, an Osu experiences a distortive personhood which is not integrated, related and presencing. The method of hermeneutics and analysis were used to interpret and analyze the concepts employed in this work. Furthermore, some experts in history and Igbo sages were interviewed. At the end, the intrinsic being of an Osu has been distorted by the tenets of Osu Caste System, thereby distancing an Osu from realizing his personhood in the community of brotherhood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okigbo Ferdinand Chukwunwike, Prof. Mmoneke Samuel Ifeanyi, Prof. Nnoruka Sylvanus I. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Odeshi And the Ontology of Self-Preservation in Igbo Epistemology
Self-preservation has remained a fundamental concern of human existence across cultures and philosophical traditions, yet its ontological interpretation varies significantly across worldviews. Within Igbo epistemology, this concern is metaphysically articulated through Odeshi, an indigenous protective system grounded in a force-based understanding of reality. The problem addressed by this research is the persistent dismissal of Odeshi as superstition or fetishism due to the imposition of Western scientific and ontological categories that inadequately capture its metaphysical logic. Adopting a philosophical and analytical method rooted in African and Igbo metaphysics, the study examines Odeshi within the Igbo conception of being-as-force, the hierarchy of beings, nommo, and communal epistemology. Through critical analysis of Igbo cosmology and indigenous experiential validation, the study finds that Odeshi functions as a coherent ontology of self-preservation rather than an irrational belief system. It demonstrates that Odeshi operates as ontological resistance to destructive forces by reordering force relations rather than suspending natural laws. The findings further reveal that moral discipline, ritual speech, and communal authorization are central to its efficacy, underscoring the inseparability of ontology
Copyright (c) 2025 Okigbo Ferdinand Chukwunwike, Iloanya Chukwuemeka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Indigenous Protection to Therapeutic Science: A Pharmaceutical Reinterpretation of Odeshi
African indigenous knowledge systems have historically contributed to medicine, healing, and therapeutic practice, yet they remain marginal within dominant biomedical discourse. Within Igbo society, Odeshi has long functioned as a protective and preservative system aimed at safeguarding life against physical and metaphysical harm. The problem addressed by this research is the persistent dismissal of Odeshi as superstition or occultism due to the dominance of Western scientific epistemology, which inadequately accounts for force-based and experiential systems of knowledge. Employing a philosophical-analytical and ethno-pharmacological method, the study examines Odeshi through Igbo epistemology, African traditional medicine, metaphysics of force, and contemporary pharmaceutical discourse. The findings reveal that Odeshi operates as a proto-pharmaceutical system grounded in preventive therapeutics, material substances, experiential validation, and procedural regulation. The study concludes that the future relevance of Odeshi lies in its scientific systematization, ethical regulation, and integration into modern healthcare frameworks, thereby affirming indigenous Igbo therapeutic knowledge as a legitimate contributor to global pharmaceutical science.
Odeshi And the Epistemology of Indigenous Security in Igbo Thought
The question of what constitutes valid knowledge has remained a central concern in philosophy, particularly in the tension between Western epistemology and indigenous systems of knowing. Within Igbo thought, Odeshi represents an indigenous security practice through which knowledge of protection, vulnerability, and survival is generated and sustained. The problem addressed by this study is the persistent marginalization of Odeshi as superstition or irrational belief due to the dominance of Western scientific and epistemological standards that fail to account for indigenous modes of knowledge validation. Adopting a philosophical and analytical method grounded in Igbo epistemology, this study examines Odeshi through the lenses of experiential knowledge, communal testimony, embodied practice, and the performative power of nommo. The method involves a critical analysis of Igbo concepts of knowledge, force interaction, pragmatic rationality, and epistemic authority as articulated within indigenous philosophical discourse. The findings reveal that Odeshi functions as a coherent system of indigenous security knowledge whose validity is established through lived experience, communal regulation, and practical effectiveness rather than laboratory experimentation. The study further finds that Odeshi challenges scientific reductionism by demonstrating an alternative rationality oriented toward survival and communal well-being. The study concludes that recognizing Odeshi as a legitimate epistemic framework promotes epistemic justice and pluralism, and it recommends the inclusion of indigenous Igbo knowledge systems as meaningful contributors to global philosophical inquiry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okigbo Ferdinand Chukwunwike, Prof. Mmoneke Samuel Ifeanyi Ifeanyi, Prof. Nnoruka Sylvanus I. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PUBLIC SERVICE PROBLEMS IN THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY
Quality public services are one indicator of successful good governance. However, many problems remain in the delivery of public services in Indonesia, such as a lack of responsiveness, a lack of information, and a lack of accountability. Therefore, improvements and enhancements to the quality of public services are needed through the implementation of more effective and efficient public service models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Budi Supriyatno, Aziz Hakim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vulnerability and Strength in Gwen Hardie’s Charcoal Fragility Drawing
This‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌ paper explores Gwen Hardie's fragility “Untitled, 1987” drawing through an integrated art historical, visual, and narrative perspective. Hardie's art, from a historical point of view, corresponds to the late-20th century feminist and process-art emphasis on the "anti-monumental," the use of modest materials to subvert the idealized portrayal of the body. The visual investigation uncovers how her method is instrumental to the message: the delicate paper support imitates the vulnerability of the skin, whereas her brilliant smudging and erasure of charcoal call to the body's transient, fleshly side. Such a material engagement gives rise to a narrative not of events, but of the lived body, a story where the concert of one's impermanence and vulnerability is where true strength lies. In the end, Hardie's art is an effort to make real, to the senses, the most basic, yet indubitable, fact that the physical body is the foremost, incontestable place of ‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌identity.
Copyright (c) 2025 FRANCIS ANKYIAH, Robert Amo-Broni, Isaac Joe Swenzy Dadzie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cat metaphors in Jordanian Proverbs: A psycholinguistic study
Metaphor is a type of figurative language which is part of one’s culture and speech. It is mainly used to describe something new by referring to something familiar. Therefore, a metaphor is related to cognition and it is not a merely linguistic expression. It was assumed that metaphors are linguistic entities rather than being part of thought and cognition, however, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that metaphors are part of the human cognition and action. Moreover, they added that the human conceptual system is metaphorical in its structure in the sense that human actions and perceptions are metaphorical in nature. In addition, the systematicity of metaphors in a language reflects the underlying conceptual structure of how something is stored and understood (ibid). Animals are one type of reference that can be used in metaphors since animals have different connotations in a community. Moreover, animal connotations in metaphors may vary from one language and culture to another and, therefore, different ways of treating animals in the language reflects different ways of conceptions about them. Therefore, the present study tries to examine the conceptions of cats in Jordanian community through analyzing twenty proverbs about cats based on the conceptual metaphor theory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kholoud Al-Rosan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Seditiousness & the Spiritual Thoughts in Herbert’s Pictorial Poesy the Easter Wings & The Collar: A Proportional Study
This paper scans Herbert’s Easter Wings and The Collar as pictorial poems that sensationalize the tension between spiritual rebellion and submission. This study is accomplished based on the thematic analysis following seditiousness theory and spiritual existence. The study argues that Herbert’s engagements, visual form of art, tonal modifications, and theological symbolism depict the soul’s movement from dissatisfaction and rebellious desires toward repentance and spiritual reconciliation. The findings reflect that Herbert’s poetic strategies not only represent internal conflict but also enact a model of spiritual restoration grounded in Christian doctrines of grace and renewal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mainul Islam, Rafsan Tahmid, Hasan Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Acquisition Order of Cohesion Connectives in Jordanian Spoken Arabic: A Contrastive Study
The present study tries to investigate the acquisition order of cohesion connectives in Jordanian Spoken Arabic (JSA). Cohesion connectives are considered cognitive elements rather than merely discourse markers because they depend on cognitive and mental analysis (Spooren and Sanders, 2008). The study compares the results with their counterparts in English language, therefore, it is a contrastive study. In English, the acquisition order of cohesion relations has been examined by Bloom et al. (1980) who identified the order of acquiring the cohesion relations as follows: additive< temporal<causal< adversative. For example, and> and then< because<but. Moreover, the order shows that the more complex cohesion relations will be acquired later than simple relations. This order will be compared with the one at the end of the study. The study will focus on cohesion markers in JSA such as: wa (and)> ba؟dein (and then)> li?annu (because)> bas (but) and other coherence markers which will be extracted from the results.
Towards Equitable Divorce: Reconstructing Legal Provisions for Non-Maintenance by Husbands Based on Justice Principles in Indonesia
This study critically examines the existing legal regulations governing divorce suits initiated by wives on the grounds of the husband's failure to provide maintenance, within the Indonesian legal framework. Rooted in the principles of justice, this research seeks to identify discrepancies between current legal provisions and the normative values of fairness, equity, and human dignity, particularly concerning the economic vulnerability of wives post-divorce. Employing a normative legal research methodology, the study analyzes relevant statutory laws, Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), judicial circulars, and scholarly interpretations to uncover lacunae and inconsistencies. The findings reveal that while Indonesian marriage law acknowledges non-provision of maintenance as a ground for divorce, the practical application and interpretation by courts may not always fully embody the values of justice, potentially leaving wives in precarious financial situations. This research proposes a reconstruction of these regulations, advocating for clearer legal definitions, more robust enforcement mechanisms, and a broader interpretation of maintenance obligations that align with contemporary understandings of gender equality and economic justice. The aim is to ensure that divorce proceedings, particularly those initiated due to non-maintenance, genuinely uphold the principles of justice and protect the rights and well-being of all parties, especially the economically weaker spouse.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0